SFC proposal sells HK short
28 December 2015
Late on Friday 27-Nov-2015, the SFC announced a proposal (consultation paper here) to expand the requirement for investors to privately report their short positions to the SFC. In our view, this expands an earlier regulatory error and imposes an unnecessary burden on the market for no regulatory benefit, thereby reducing HK's economic competitiveness. The consultation window is short, straddling Christmas and closing on New Year's Eve, so we've spent much of the holiday writing this. Please wake up from your holiday slumbers and submit your views, however brief, in the next 3 days - we'll tell you how to have your say at the end of this article. This article is Webb-site's submission.
Webb-site has always been in favour of greater disclosure requirements where it adds value to investors, that is, where the benefits outweigh the costs, but not where it does nothing but pander to prejudices and political or regulatory whims while burdening participants with filing obligations and placing them at risk of criminal penalties for non-compliance (HK$100k and 2 years in jail in this case).
Such a dragnet of reporting requirements is rather like the difference between targeted, warranted wire-taps and global NSA surveillance, and it is not even a symmetric dragnet - there is no obligation to disclose long positions until you get to 5%, but short positions of 0.02% or HK$30m (if less) must be reported to the SFC. This portrays a clear regulatory bias against short sellers - but no evidence has ever been provided by any regulator that short sellers cause systemic market failures, while there is plenty of academic evidence showing that short selling improves price discovery and market efficiency, as you would expect when non-owners who have a negative view on a stock are able to sell it rather than laugh at it.
When syndicates are ramping a stock price upwards, with each member holding less than 5%, there is no reporting obligation of the long positions, but short sellers who are betting against a bubble stock are obliged to report their position to the SFC.
The SFC's proposal should be seen against the background of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008/9 and the 2015 mainland stock market bubble and partial crash, where the PRC Government has been looking for scapegoats, blaming foreigners (who are barely allowed into the mainland markets) and accusing unknown parties of "malicious short selling". In China, the Government is even more infallible than others, so the bubble and crash must be someone else's fault.
The current short position reporting Rules
Webb-site opposed this law and made counter-proposals to enhance public disclosure when it was first proposed back in 2010, but we failed, and the Securities and Futures (Short Position Reporting) Rules (SPR Rules), took effect on 18-Jun-2012. A person who, on the last business day of each week, holds a net short position of 0.02% (1/5000th) of the "specified shares", or HK$30m if that is lower, is required to report his net short position to the SFC within 2 business days. In certain circumstances, the SFC can order daily reports to be made within 1 business day, where it believes that circumstances exist which "threaten the financial stability of Hong Kong" and that as a result, it believes that it needs to know.
Under Schedule 1 of the SPR Rules, the specified share are constituents of the blue-chip Hang Seng Index, the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index (also known as the H-Share index), and any other stock which is classified as a "financial stock" by Hang Seng Indexes Co Ltd, even relatively small brokerages or investment companies. As of 11-Dec-2015, there are 124 specified shares. The largest stock in the list is China Mobile Ltd (0941) with a market value of HK$1,834bn. Therefore a disclosable short position of $30m of that is just 0.0016%. The smallest stock is Huahua Finacial Holding Co Ltd (3903), an H-share, with a market cap of $1,217m, so 0.02% of that is just HK$243k. Keep in mind that for H-shares, they only represent the HK-listed shares, not the entire issued shares of the company, so the percentage short position of the H-shares is much higher than the percentage of outstanding shares. There are currently 1851 companies with a primary listing on the Main Board or GEM.
In the European Union (EU), Regulation EU 236/2012 requires reporting to regulators of short positions at a 0.2% threshold, 10 times higher than HK, and public disclosure at a 0.5% threshold, with incremental thresholds of 0.1% thereafter, so if your position doesn't change from week to week, then no reporting is required. Unlike HK, there is no value threshold, so you don't get ridiculously small reports like the 0.0016% of China Mobile that equates to HK$30m. The European Securities and Markets Authority published a review of its regulation in 2013, noting that some participants considered the thresholds were too low. There was no suggestion in this review that the thresholds were too high.
The SFC's initial consultation of 31-Jul-2009 proposed a threshold of not more than 0.25%, but when the conclusions came out on 2-Mar-2010 they slammed it down to 0.02% and added the monetary threshold of HK$30m. The perverse logic the SFC adopted was that because the amount of short selling in HK is lower than some other markets, our thresholds should be lower so that we can measure it. This neglects the purported purpose which is not just measurement for measurement's sake, but to detect any substantial short positions that may (purportedly) affect market stability. We drew the analogy of lowering the speed limits because not enough people were caught speeding, even if they were driving at safe speeds. The addition of the dollar threshold was totally unnecessary given that this would only result in disclosures even smaller than 0.02%.
SPR Rules only apply to sales in HK
The reporting obligation only applies to positions arising from short sales on SEHK, not sales off-market or in other markets - for example, short positions arising from sales of HSBC Holdings plc or Standard Chartered plc on the London Stock Exchange are not included. The SPR Rules apply to H-shares listed in HK but do not apply to A-Shares of the same companies listed in Shanghai or Shenzhen. The result is that the reporting threshold, as a percentage of all ordinary shares in such companies, is even lower, and the picture is distorted by the fact that a person might be short A-shares but long H-shares, or vice versa.
Short positions not growing
In the press release for the current consultation, SFC CEO Ashley Alder states:
"We have seen growth in short selling since the position reporting regime was introduced in 2012".
Really? The facts do not support this. Webb-site has been tracking the weekly aggregate disclosures since they began with the first snapshot on 31-Aug-2012. The data show that the reported short position on 31-Aug-2012 was 1.353% of the market value of specified shares, and it was 1.185% on 30-Oct-2015, the last date in the consultation paper. The reported short position reached a high of 1.506% of the market capitalisation on 21-Mar-2014 and has not exceeded 1.3% in 2015. A graph of this statistic is shown in Chart A on page 6 of the consultation paper, but we can do better - click on the chart below to see the Webb-site interactive version:
![Short position chart](../images/shortGraph.png)
The proposed amendments
Under the new proposals, the SFC wants to expand the list to cover all "designated securities" that can be short-sold, as determined by the rules of the monopoly "Stock Exchange Company", that is, The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (SEHK), owned by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd (HKEx, 0388). In the case of ETFs, where the number of outstanding units can vary from day to day, the trigger would be HK$30m without a percentage threshold.
Designated securities and the uptick rule
Of course, in a free market, you should be able to borrow and sell any shares you like, at your own risk. HK is not a free market. To understand the context of the SFC's proposals, you have to understand the history of short-selling regulation in HK. Short selling on SEHK wasn't even allowed until January 1994, although participants were already able to do it by means of offshore borrowing. Today it is only allowed in stocks which meet certain paternalistic criteria.
On 3-Jan-1994, regulated short selling was introduced, with 16 stocks in a pilot scheme. Each stock had a market cap of at least HK$10bn and a public float of at least HK$5bn. Short-selling was subject to an "uptick rule" in which short sales could only occur at the best offer price, preventing the sellers from hitting the best bid and thereby slowing them down. In 1995, there were only 226 transactions worth HK$415m marked as short-sales, in 12 of the 16 designated stocks. The low number was partly because until Sep-1994 there was stamp duty on borrowing shares and returning them afterwards.
On 25-Mar-1996, a larger list of 113 stocks (or 21.1% of the 536 primary-listed companies on that date) was introduced and the uptick rule was abolished. That year there were $8.75bn of transactions marked as short sales. On 1-May-1997, the list was expanded by adding 129 stocks, including H-shares and shares underlying derivative products. The total number of designated securities was then 241, or about 40.6% of the 594 primary-listed companies at that date.
Abolition of the tick rule was a step forward, but it didn't last. In August 1998, the Government intervened in the stock market for the first time ever, and on 2-Sep-1998 (effective 7-Sep-1998) the Council of SEHK reinstated the tick rule "[a]s part of the anti-speculative measures introduced by the Government" (SEHK Fact Book, 1998) or as the HKEx web site now euphemistically says "upon changes in market conditions".
The Government was upset that short-sellers hitting its bids had made it harder for the Government to manipulate the the market upwards, which was the stated objective of the market intervention, or as then Hong Kong Monetary Authority chief Joseph Yam famously put it "I'm going to hit them where it hurts". In HK, market manipulation is only illegal if the manipulator is not the Government. Apparently those "market conditions" are still with us, as the tick rule is still with us nearly 20 years later. Alongside that move, the number of eligible stocks was also cut from 241 to 195, or 29.1% of the 670 primary-listed companies at that time.
The uptick rule was actually up for review in 2007. In a speech on 1-Feb-2007, the SFC's then-CEO Martin Wheatley said:
"the current uptick rule for short-selling may inhibit timely execution of transactions and affect the price-formation process in the stock market...The SFC is now working with the Exchange to consider putting in place a mechanism that would allow for the suspension of the uptick rule."
However, this plan was abandoned on 26-Sep-2008, 10 days after Lehman Brothers collapsed, and has never come back. The SFC said at the time:
"This decision will be reviewed when the global environment is more stable and a clearer picture emerges on how short-selling activities will be regulated in other leading markets."
But it hasn't conducted that review. Incidentally, professionals are able to avoid the rule anyway using off-market contracts with investment banks which maintain a long inventory (hedged against futures or otherwise) that they can sell on the downtick.
On 10-May-2012, SEHK tightened eligibility for stocks that can be sold short, raising the minimum market capitalisation from HK$1bn to HK$3bn and turnover velocity (annual turnover/market capitalisation) from 40% to 50%. Today, the list covers 847 securities. That may sound impressive until you realise that of these, 163 are ETFs, 6 are the survivors of the long-forgotten NASDAQ pilot program (somebody please euthanise it), 9 are REITs, and 1 is the RMB counter of the first and only dual-currency (HKD, RMB) ordinary share, Hopewell Highway Infrastructure Ltd (0737,80737). That leaves 668 stocks, or 36.1% of the current 1851 primary-listed companies. So in fact, short-selling regulation in HK is more restrictive now than it was in 1996, both because of the uptick rule and because a smaller proportion of listed companies is eligible.
The uptick rule is of course a form of regulatory bias: there is no "downtick" rule that requires buyers to wait patiently at the best bid price and not to drive prices higher by taking the offer - even when a stock is obviously in a bubble.
What is short selling?
Let's just dispense with some basic concepts. Anyone who sells shares, long or short, sells because they think the shares will go down in price, at least relative to other things they could own. If that person already owns shares then she is a "long seller", but if she doesn't, then she is a "short seller", creating or enlarging a "short position". Correspondingly, a long buyer buys shares and holds them, while a short buyer buys them and returns them to the lender, reducing or eliminating her short position. If the long buyer doesn't have enough money, then he has to borrow the difference (known as margin lending) and repay it when he sells the shares.
Both types of seller hold the same view on the future price movement (relative to other assets), but the short seller has to borrow the shares in order to sell them. The long seller seeks to avoid a loss, while the short seller seeks to make a gain, but these amount to the same objective, because to the extent of the negative price movement, the long seller and the short seller will be better off by the same amount compared to doing nothing. Correspondingly, a long buyer seeks to make a gain from a price increase, while a short buyer seeks to avoid a loss from a price increase.
A short sale does not necessarily increase the total of all short positions in the market, because the buyer could be a short buyer who is reducing her short position, in which case the short interest is just changing hands.
However, because shares are limited liability investments, the potential pay-offs of long and short positions are asymmetric. A long buyer has infinite potential gain but can never lose more than her initial investment (including any borrowed money), but a short seller can't gain more than 100% (if the stock goes to zero) and takes the risk of an infinite increase in the share price, and being forced to either put up more collateral as security for the stock loan, or "cover" the short position by buying back the shares at higher prices.
At any time, in any stock, the sum of all the long positions, minus the sum of all the short positions, will always equal 100% of the outstanding shares. For example, if there are 10% short positions, then there must be 110% long positions. The expansion of this balance is theoretically unlimited. A stock could have 500% long and 400% short, but the the difference will always be 100%. That may sound counter-intuitive - how can more than 100% of the stock be borrowed and sold? The answer is that a share that is borrowed, sold and delivered is still just a share, and it can be loaned by its new owner again, ad infinitum. Of course, when it comes to voting those shares, only the owners who currently hold 100% of the shares in their accounts have the votes. Those who have loaned their holdings cannot vote unless they call in the loan and recover the shares.
At most, all that the symmetric enlargement of the total long and short positions in a stock indicates is a stronger diversity of opinions on the fair value of the stock relative to its market price, or put simply, which way a stock price will move. This has a parallel in the futures markets: the number of contracts in the aggregate short position is the same as the number of contracts in the aggregate long position. The difference is always zero. An expansion of open interest in futures contracts, or short positions in shares, doesn't mean that the market is more "bullish" or "bearish". The most that can be said is that (excluding other reasons, such as arbitrage and hedging) it just indicates a diversity of views.
So why are short-sellers so demonized? This, we submit, comes down to a basic human psychological bias against "betting that others will lose".
The importance of short-selling to market efficiency
Short selling plays an important role in price discovery, liquidity and market efficiency. If short selling is not permitted then someone who thinks a stock is overvalued but doesn't own it can only stand back and privately or publicly laugh at it. He does not have the option of putting his money where his mouth is. This reduces the number of potential participants in the market for that stock, slowing down price discovery. By contrast, anyone who thinks a stock is undervalued but doesn't own it can buy it, thereby affecting the price at which demand and supply are in equilibrium.
Most regulators (including the SFC) know all this, and there is a wealth of academic evidence to support it. They know that short-selling is intrinsically a good thing, for market efficiency, liquidity and price discovery, but many politicians, and a minority of regulators, don't. There is a very raw, primal instinct that tells the ignorant that it is somehow bad or immoral to bet on something going down in value, because those who own it will lose money. You are betting on other people to lose. But when you bet that something will increase in value, you are you are betting that others who own it will win. It is like betting on a horse to lose a race rather than to win it - and yet, if you bet on all the other horses to win, then you are doing the exact same thing: your horse will only lose if one of the others wins. Indeed, in hedge funds, when they short a stock, they are often doing so in order to buy stock in a similar company, betting on relative performance.
This psychological bias means that short sellers and those who negatively criticise companies are routinely demonized and subjected to greater scrutiny than those who are long buyers and praise companies, particularly when markets fall rather than rise. This bias is reflected in policy and legislation. Why is it that the SFC's law requires people with 0.02% short positions to report to them, but not people with 0.02% long positions? Both positions are equally trivial.
Even when sellers (short or long) take the view that a bank is likely to fail, others will disagree, and the market will reflect this diversity. A falling bank share price doesn't make a bank fail, it just reflects an exogenous view on whether it will. Around the world, politicians and regulators seek to blame short-sellers for financial crises, to avoid blaming themselves for their own policy, legislative and regulatory errors. They shoot the messenger and ask questions later, if ever. In China in 2015 as the bubble was bursting, the regulator even banned long holders of 5% or more (and Directors and Supervisors of companies) from selling for 6 months. That expires on 8-Jan-2016, so it will be interesting to see what happens next.
Stock Futures
For larger companies, since 1995 there have been stock futures contracts traded on the Hong Kong Futures Exchange (HKFE, now owned by HKEx) where one can take a short position without borrowing shares, because these contracts are cash-settled at expiry.
Large open positions (long or short) must be reported to HKFE (and through them, the SFC) with a current trigger of 1,000 open stock futures contracts in any one Contract Month. For years that market has been quiet, with 38 companies and 3 ETFs covered at the end of 2014, and a total open interest of 14,916 contracts.
Until recently, each stock futures contract related to one board lot of shares (except the ETFs), but on 30-Nov-2015 and 7-Dec-2015 HKFE began trading a new batch of stock futures, covering 34 more companies with up to 100 board lots of each stock. This appears to be something of an experiment to relaunch the product and test the market at different contract sizes, loosely related to market capitalisation of the stock. Taking closing share prices on 24-Dec-2015, the largest contract is in Tencent Holdings Ltd (0700), for 100 board lots worth $1.518m, while the smallest is for 5 board lots of China South City Holdings Ltd (1668) worth $17,400, with an average of $141,478.
The 1,000-contract reporting trigger for these 34 new stocks, as a percentage of issued shares, ranges from 0.106% to 0.910% with an average of 0.33%. That is about 16.5x higher than the SFC's short position reporting of 0.02% for shares. For the 37 surviving older series, the 1-board-lot contract ranges from $814 for the dilapidated retailer Esprit Holdings Ltd (0330) up to $95,000 for Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd (0016) with an average of $20,205. The 1000-contract reporting trigger represents between 0.0004% and 0.0552% of the issued shares, with an average of 0.0156%.
There does not appear to be any sound basis for the HKFE reporting thresholds, other than the fact that humans count in base 10 and 1000 contracts is therefore a nice round number. In other words, the regulators place an arbitrary and gratuitous reporting obligation on participants. In the case of Esprit, a short position of just HK$814,000 would be a "large open position".
Holders of short positions in Stock Futures are not subject to the SPR Rules, and "Stock Futures Hedging Short Selling" by a "Designated Stock Futures Hedging Short Selling Participant" (yes, really) is exempt from the SEHK short-selling rules, including the uptick rule.
Public disclosure can be improved
As we said in our 2010 submission, Section 571 in Part XV of the Securities and Futures Ordinance requires that long positions of 5% be publicly disclosed, but to this day, it only requires short positions to be publicly disclosed if they exceed 1% and the person also has a 5% long position. With the exception of investment bank stock-lending pools and underwriters, that situation almost never arises, because it wouldn't make sense for an investor to be both long and short. If a person is just short, then there is no public disclosure requirement regardless of the size of the position.
The outdated logic of this is that the only purpose of the disclosure regime is to let the public know when investors may be able to influence the affairs of a company through their voting rights, possibly on the road to a takeover at higher levels of ownership. But there is another purpose. The same framework also warns investors of large long positions that could cause a sharp decrease in the share price if they are suddenly sold, for example because of foreclosure on a monetary loan after the shares have been pledged as security. For the same reason, investors deserve to know of large individual short positions that could cause a sharp increase in the share price if they are suddenly bought back, for example because the stock loan is recalled.
Sunshine is the best disinfectant, so as we said in 2010, the correct solution is to require public disclosure of short positions at the same threshold, 5%. If that is considered too large, then the threshold for both long and short positions should be lowered, but there should not be a regulatory bias against short positions.
Conclusion
Hong Kong can and must do better than this. The SFC's proposal, and the existing restrictions on short-selling, sell HK short. We are supposed to have a free market economy, under the "One Country Two Systems" formula, and not blindly follow the prejudices of authoritarian states, including China. HK should adopt a free and fair market approach:
- The uptick rule should be scrapped, as it was in 1996 before being reinstated in 1998.
- The list of designated securities should be scrapped, and investors should be free to borrow and sell any listed stock, as they are in other leading markets.
- The Short Position Reporting Rules should be scrapped.
- The law should be amended to require public disclosure by those who have a short position of 5% or more in listed shares, bringing it into line with the law on disclosure of long positions.
However, if the political backing for doing the right thing is not forthcoming, then as the next best thing, the Short Position Reporting Rules should be amended to raise the reporting threshold to 0.2%, the same as the EU, and to scrap the monetary threshold of HK$30m. You simply don't need to know about positions that are below the percentage threshold, however large the monetary value may be.
Have your say
Since regulators often treat these consultations as opinion polls rather than looking at the validity of arguments, we need your help to push them to do the right thing. Click here to send a submission, or e-mail your views directly to SPR-consult@sfc.hk. Feel free to copy all or part of our submission above in your submission, or just link to it, and send a copy to: contact [at] webb-site.com if you wish.
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